dextran hydrodynamic radius

As a consequence of the diversity in their origin, the set of classical universal size independent quantities suffers from shortcomings. (2003). Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies The same way, many of these authors emphasize the non-linear or hyperbranched of dextran molecular weight range from 9 to 2000kDa [3,5,8,16, 37,38]. Ther. Karmarkar, S.; Garber, R.: Kluza, J.; Koberda, M. (2006). The molecular mass of dextran as determined by the gel filtration and copper bicinchoninate method was approximately, 800 kDa. Characterization of high molecular weight dextran produced by Weissella cibaria CMGDEX3. Journal of Polymer Science, 17, 527-546. Lucifer yellow (LY) and FITC-labelled dextran stock solutions were prepared in Ringers-HEPES buffer (150 mM NaCl, 3.4 mM CaCl 2, 1.2 mM MgCl 2, 5.2 mM KCl, 0.5 mM NaHCO 3, 2.8 mM glucose, and 10 mM HEPES) and frozen at 20C. Viscosity of Liquids. Although, in literature there is much information on hydrodynamic measurements from determinations viscosity; very few of them evaluate the situation at different temperatures. Ind. Transdermal delivery of FITC-Dextrans with different molecular weights using radiofrequency microporation, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40824-020-00201-7, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The Intrinsic Viscosity of Biological Macromolecules. WebThis value is sensible given that i j = 0 and that the search radius of the clustering algorithm is slightly larger than the average segment length of our Dextran model (b 5.5 nm). Effect of temperature on the intrinsic viscosity and conformation of chitosan in dilute HCl solution. Working with the molecular weights given by the manufacturer and compare them with the molecular weights, calculated from the Mark-Houwink parameters in this work; can be seen that the %RE obtained, see Table 6. Typical examples are the classical size-independent combinations like the Flory parameter, which that combine the intrinsic viscosity, [], and the gyration radius, Rg: These quantities have been proposed along the years, by different eminent scientists, after whom they are named. Microporation applications for enhancing drug delivery. However, the currently available transdermal systems are limited by low drug permeability across the skin due to the lipophilic barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost skin layer of the skin [3,4,5]; the methods favor low molecular mass, and lipophilic molecules, making it difficult to exploit the transdermal route for large and water-soluble molecules such as proteins and peptides. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41, 1260-1267. Journal of Colloid Science, 31, 308-328. This result could reflect the presence of some aggregated species within the lysozyme sample solution. (2007). Results and Discussion The microscopic dynamics of proteins are probed in a light scattering experiment. In this work, we evaluate the maximum radius of macromolecules able to enter into HeLa cells following a plasma treatment using a size exclusion approach with dextran molecules. Use of the single point method is correct because it is based in the Huggins method (HM); owing the HM requiring many viscosity and density measurements (at least four) for each Mw, but Solomon Ciuta method with a single measure is sufficient. The solution viscosity () is related to the solvent viscosity (o), resulting in the relative viscosity. Determination of the intrinsic viscosity has been the most used measurement in the last 60 years. Molecular weight, molecular weight distribution and molecular size of a native dextran. Soc., 16, 3A, 426-433. Int. All possible degrees of curling can be displayed by any molecule, but there will be an average configuration which will depend on the solvent. 2000;3(9):31826. (1991). For a values from 0-0.5 a rigid sphere is predicted in a ideal solvent, from 0.5-0.8 a random coil in good solvent, and from 0.8-2 a rigid or rod like shape is expected (stiff chain). Indo AM J Pharm. Actually, everything depends on solvent you want to use and temperature. If you want to know gyration (Rg)or hydrodynamic (Rh) radius, you should Pharmaceutical Quality Dextran 40 is available from Pharmacosmos as active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) as excipient for final formulation, drug product, for medical devices, for production of solutions for injection and infusion and much more. The Mark-Houwink parameters is calculated molecular weights range from 8.8 to 200kDa. statement and Format), Citation-(BibTeX 10K, and c M.W. It has been found that, when applied to water treatment, it can effectively act on refractory organic matter in wastewater through thermal decomposition and water molecular action to produce free dextran hydrodynamic radius. This phenomenon is observed in the case of hyperbranched biopolymers evidencing an increase of a with temperature. MeSH Article ; Rjumtsev, E.I. The measurements of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were taken using the Tewameter (Courage-Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) to evaluate the skin barrier function after microporation. 2012;101(8):28619. Many works are aimed at determining molecular weights [1, 7, 26], hydrodynamic radius, among other parameters for characterizing the physics and chemistry properties of dextran in solution. Middelkoop E, Bogaerdt AJ, Lamme EN, Hoekstra MJ, Brandsma K, Ulrich MMW. The M-H equation is empirical and valid for monodisperse polymers, and it is applied to biomacromolecules (complex, hyperbranched, crosslink), taking the precaution of comparing the value of Mv with the polydispersity index (qM-H). Arond L.H. Harding, S. E., & Simpkin, N. J. The a value is higher than calculated in this work, because these calculations were performed with number average molecular weight (Mn) which rearranges the value of a and forces him to enter into unbranched or linear molecules (a > 0.5), on the other hand, if molecular weights (Mw) ware used to value would be less than 0.5. (1958). Global hydrodynamic analysis of the molecular flexibility of galactomannans. WebTry out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. With FITC-dextran 20 K, cumulative For a rigid or rod like polymer molecule that is greatly extended in solution, the Mark-Houwink a constant approaches to a value of 2.0 [48].The hydrodynamic radius (RH), for a sphere ((a/b) = 2.5) is given by the Einstein relation [49]. Masuelli, M. A. 2018 Jan;184(1):1-11. doi: 10.1007/s12010-017-2522-4. Saudi Pharm J. Carbohydrate Polymers 99, 199-207. This study demonstrated that hydrodynamic volume and radius of gyration of a dextran sample with M w < 20 kDa and its linear counterpart with equal M w are almost Biomater Res 24, 22 (2020). Charge: Anionic. Journal of Chemical Education, 80(9), 1036-1038. ; Hogan, M.P. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Elias, Hans-Georg (1975). The first term on the left-hand side of equation 2 (i/c) has a linear relation as a function of the concentration (c in g/cm3), where is the intrinsic viscosity [] is given by (c0) [42, 43]. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 68, 319-329. For a limited temperature range, the viscosity of a polymer solution varies generally following a relation similar to that of usual liquids (rrhenius plot), where the polymer concentration is not very high and that temperature remains far enough from glass transition [38], and for system PEAorganic solvents see reference [63]. 4K, b M.W. Boudry I, Blanck O, Cruz C, Blanck M, Vallet V, Bazire A, Capt A, Josse D, Lallement G. Percutaneous penetration and absorption of parathion using human and pig skin models in vitro and human skin grafted onto nude mouse skin model in vivo. Journal of Controlled Release, 119, 5-24. Hydrodynamic properties, such as the intrinsic viscosity, [], and equilibrium solution properties such as the hydrodynamic radius RH can be combined to construct dimensionless quantities that are universal since they are of being independent of the macromolecular particle size, while they depend more or less sensitively on its shape [51]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 79, 380-390. Each skin pores was captured using a microscope and the obtained images were analyzed using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA). II. 1994, 95-0355. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, 38, 2591-2598. 2018;1:10915. Although, intrinsic viscosity is a molecular parameter that can be interpreted in terms of molecular conformation, it does not offer as high resolution on molecular structure as other methods such as Light Scattering, Circular Dichroism, Sedimentation Velocity, Sedimentation Equilibrium, Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled to Multi-Angle Laser Light Scattering (SEC-MALLS), High-performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), NMR, X-rays, etc. Durand, A. However, considering the trauma and unethical practices associated with animal experiments, in vitro studies with human cadaver skin offers an ethical and viable alternative. TEWL measurements were performed before and 30min after microporation. Citation-(RIS ; Bataille, B. SWC designed and coordinated the research. Gel permeation chromatography of dextrans in parenteral solutions: Calibration procedure development and method validation. Crini, G. (2005). It is well tolerated on parenteral infusion by most people but a very low incidence 2005;22(4):5505. Recent developments in polysaccharide-based materials used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment. On the molecular weight distribution of dextran T-500. The 70-kDa FITC dextran reached the jejunum after 15 min and passed the entire small intestine within 1 h after its administration, demonstrating that 4-kDa FITC dextran measured in plasma 1 h after its oral application is a marker of small intestinal permeability. Dextrans and their derivatives find an interest in clinical applications, as well as excipients in tablets in the pharmaceutical industry [5]. Dextran Utilization During Its Synthesis by Weissella cibaria RBA12 Can Be Overcome by Fed-Batch Fermentation in a Bioreactor. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Biophysical Journal, 27, 177-181. Viscotek GmbH, Europe. Intrinsic viscosities of polyelectrolytes in the absence and in the presence of extra salt: Consequences of the stepwise conversion of dextran into a polycation. After the pore closure examination, each sample was stored in a 10% neutral buffered formalin awaiting haematoxylin/eosin (H&E) staining. The 70-kDa FITC dextran reached the jejunum after 15 min and passed the entire small intestine within 1 h after its administration, demonstrating that 4-kDa FITC However, the results did not show significant regeneration of micropore compared to previous in vivo studies which reported significant regeneration [25]. The receptor chamber was filled with PBS. FITC-dextran molecular weights; 4, 10, and 20kDa molecular weight were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Harding, Stephen E. (1997). De Belder, A. N. (2001). WebTo address this perception, in the current study, FITC-dextran of different MWs (10, 70 and 150 kDa) was used to model the transdermal delivery of low MW biotherapeutics and mAbs with MWs of approximately 150 kDa. ; Grishchenko, A.E. In addition, we evaluated the regeneration of SC after microporation. The great deviation at 2000kDa occurs due to the large hyperbranched structure of the macromolecule, generating a change in its conformation and, therefore, a change in the way it flows [73]. The intrinsic viscosity calculation requires several concentrations, and because of this inconvenient will not use the Huggins method in this paper. of different origins. Static and Dynamic Light-Scattering Solution Behavior of Pullulan and Dextran in Comparison. HSE and DK helped to porate the skin and to measure TEWL. Webdextran fraction and the final product depend on changes in the hydrodynamic volume of the molecules after substitution. The micropore formed at the SC through to the epidermis, enabling drug delivery. Advances in Carbohydrate Analysis, 1, 63-144. FOIA In this sense, the largest deviations were obtained for the highest molecular weight (580-2000kDa with values from 0.8467 to 0.7346). The enhanced permeability through micropores was confirmed by Franz diffusion cell. Transdermal delivery is of great importance for the effective delivery of bioactive or therapeutic agents into a body. Carbohydrate Polymers, 36, 319-326. The Transdermal diffusion cell system (DHC-6TD, LOGAN instrument, USA) was used to assess FITC-dextran permeability in vitro. a-d Haematoxylin/eosin-stained histological sections of human cadaver skin sample and e quantified data using ImageJ for different time periods after microporation. Kano S, Todo H, Furui K, Kenichi S, Tokudome Y, Hashimoto F, Kojima H, Sugibayashi K. Comparison of several reconstructed cultured human skin models by microscopic observation: their usefulness as an alternative membrane for skin in drug permeation experiments. Banga AK. Human skins (Full-thickness human skin) were supplied by HansBiomed. All branched polysaccharide types could be described approximately by the hyperbranching theory. Microporation was performed 2, 5, and 10 times on each sample. J Control Release. ; Yevlampieva N.P. The lack of data on the uniformity of intrinsic viscosity measurements in the system water/dextran, highlights the significant influence of the solvent and temperature [74]. Dulbeccos Phosphate-Buffered Saline (DPBS) was purchased from Welgene (Gyeongsan, Korea). Data File Dextran. This study was supported by the LG Electronics. In fact, short chains do contain minor branching points. The author thanks Universidad Nacional de San Luis (Project 2-81/11), FONCyT (PICT 2004-N23-2548 and PICT 2008-N21-84), and CONICET (PIP 6324 Res. 2014 Sep;5(9):2324-30. doi: 10.1039/c4fo00319e. 2012;9(2):14754. With FITC-dextran 20K, cumulative permeation in the human skin was 2.530.48M, and 3.340.19M in the pig skin, which significantly lower than FITC-dextran 4K. Cumulative amount of FITC-dextran permeated after microporation on the human and pig skin for FITC-dextran M.W.. a M.W. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. (2008). International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 277, 99-104. Barrier integrity was examined using Tewameter to confirm the poration of human cadaver skin using a microporation device. WebThe hydrodynamic radius ( Rh) determined by our Fluidity instruments is the Stokes radius, or the size of a hard spherical particle that diffuses at the same rate as the protein (s) detected. The increased TEWL values which were proportional to the number of microspores indicate SC disruption and formation of microchannels in the skin. These results suggest that fibroblasts proliferate and migrate under the SC, and regenerate the skin. Synthesis of water-soluble and water-insoluble amphiphilic derivatives of dextran in organic medium. Biomaterials. 2010;4(1):117. (1954). Cecopieri-Gmez, Martha L.; Palacios-Alquisira, Joaqun (2005). Here we have the hydrodynamic radius estimate for the 3kDa dextran and 1.5 kDa dextran by the Zetasizer calculator, thanks to Alan. Alan F Rawle, t ; Bos, G.W. Strategies to improve the potential of transdermal devices by enhancing the skin permeation of therapeutic entities. In addition, microporated pig skin permeated larger amounts of FITC-dextran than human skin, this can be attributed to the differences in structure between the human and pig skin; the pig skin layer is thinner (SC, 813m) than the human skin (SC, 1017m) and the pig hair follicle is longer (3871m) than the human hair follicle (18m). Gekko, K. (1971). Carbohydrate Polymers, 74, 372-378. Bahary, W.S. Carbohydrate Research, 160, 205-214. There is a formula that used to calculate the radius (in Angstrom) from the molar mass (in g/mol) of dextran, a=0.33*(MM^0.46) where, a and MM are Privacy ; Picout, D.R. Chem. The dextran was chosen as another branched polysaccharide which, like the others was suspected to show hyperbranched behavior. J. Phys. Format), Citation-(EndNote Pure Appl. These studies were again focused on investigating the hydrodynamic properties of the polymer molecules, their hydrodynamic radius in relation to their radius of gyration and the coherence of the simulation results with polymer theory. Antoniou, E.; Buitrago, C. F.; Tsianou, M.; Alexandridis, P. (2010). Chem. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The characteristic Rg/Rh value for a globular protein is ~0.775, which means that Rg is smaller than Rh. Mitragotri S. Mechanical disruption of skin barrier for vaccine delivery. Prausnitz MR, Langer R. Transdermal drug delivery. These studies on Mark-Houwink parameters are usually carried out at a given temperature, obtaining a consistent result but in a very limited temperature range [68]. Materiaux 1-5. 56 The linkage that the enzyme dextranase breaks down is indicated by the black arrow. The human skins were from the back or thigh of a 24-year-old woman. Not for use in diagnostic procedures. (2003). Google Scholar. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The skin poration was performed using the microporation device (LG electronics, Korea). Alternatives to animal testing: a review. Although we didnt conduct assay for inflammation, we could not find any inflammation symptoms such as redness, blisters, cracked, and thickening. The intrinsic viscosity can be easily calculated by the Solomon-Ciuta single-point equation [44, 45]. Die Makromolekulare Chemie, 148(1), 229-238. Gillespie, T.; Hulme, M. A. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Changes in the Mark-Houwink hydrodynamic volume of chitosan molecules in solutions of different organic acids, at different temperatures and ionic strengths. It is a measure of the width of molecular weight distributions (MWD) as well as probability of molecular weight distribution curve (GPC). Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive alternative that addresses the limitations of oral and parenteral routes of drug administration; it enables controlled release and long-term systemic drug delivery through the skin, avoids hepatic first-pass effect, avoids gastrointestinal drug degradation, reduces discomfort and trauma resulting from hypodermic injections, and prevents safety hazards associated with dangerous medical waste from needles [1, 2]. ; Ghosh, T.K. Equivalent Radii and Ratios of Radii from Solution Properties as Indicators of Macromolecular Conformation, Shape, and Flexibility. Dextrans can function efficiently as anterograde or retrograde tracers, The range of temperatures used was 25-50 (0.1) C and it was regulated by thermostatic bath Haake C. The viscosity measurements required Hagenbach-Couette correction time (tg 37.31s). Hrabchak C, Flynn L, Woodhouse KA. B 113, 8020-8025. TEWL values before and immediately after microporation on human cadaver skin according to the number of times microproration was done (n=3). and transmitted securely. Dextrans in Aqueous Solution. The exponent a is a function of polymer geometry, and varies from 0.5 to 2 and exponent is dimensionless. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 13, 2031-2032. Walkenhorst, S.; Olivier, R. (2002). 1905/05) for their financial support. Intrinsic viscosity determination offers a simple and useful method that requires low cost equipment and yields useful information on soluble macromolecules. The Principle of the Suspended Level: Applications to the Measurement of Viscosity and Other Properties of Liquids. Arch Dermatol Res. Journal of American Chemical Society, 64(11), 2716-2718. These modifications include degradation of hemidesmosomes attached to the dermis, degradation of desmosomes linked to adjacent cells, contraction of intracellular tonofilament, and lamellipodia formation. Transdermal drug delivery system for non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs: a review. 2003;10:33847. Viscosity of in water solution polysaccharides depends on intrinsic characteristics of the biopolymer (such as molecular weight, volume, size, shape, surface charge, deformation facility, esterification degree, and galacturonic content) and on ambient factors (such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, solvent, etc.). Journal Argentine Chemical Society 100 (2013) 25-34. Gold MH, Biron JA. Food Sci Biotechnol. Biophysical Journal, 87, 4259-4270. Ghimici, Luminita; Nichifor, Marieta; Wolf, Bernhard (2009). Typically, the hydrodynamic diameter of the micelles is about 100 nm and the critical micelle concentration is about 10 mg/L. However, when molecules deviate from globular to non-spherical or elongated structures then Rg/Rh tend to values upwards of Dynamic light scattering study confirmed the mono-disperse nature of dextran with hydrodynamic radius of 900 nm. DLS tests were conducted at detection angle of 90 (standard) and 173 (backscatter) to measure protein hydrodynamic radius, while protein charge was examined in phase analysis light scattering (PALS) mode at detection angle of 15 (forward). The basic setup of a DLS instrument is shown in Figure 1. The most widely used method for the characterization of macromolecules is the capillary viscometry, as it is a simple and economic method. WebIn this regard, we chose as crowding agents a number of polymers with hydrodynamic dimensions comparable to those of iRFP713 in different structural states: polyethylene glycol8,000(PEG-8000)withaneffectivehydrodynamicradiusof24.5 1.9(Devanand & Selser, 1991), Dextran-40 and Dextran-70 with hydrodynamic radius of 44.550 and 5864 , 2013 May;64(3):346-54. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2012.734289. 2015 Mar 17;6:155. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00155. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 2013;3(5):3588605. 151-166. GPC Symp. Chen Rong Huei; Wei Yu Chen; Shang Ta Wang; Chu Hsi Hsu; Min Lang Tsai (2009). Part of Coviello, T.; Matricardi, P.; Marianecci, C.; Alhaique, F. (2007). Dextran consists of -D glucose units with a majority of (16) glucosidic linkages between them. Springer Editions. DOI: 10.12691/jpbpc-1-1-3, Received September 18, 2013; Revised October 23, 2013; Accepted November 22, 2013. 2006;3(3):37385. Takara, Andres; Acosta, Adolfo; Masuelli, Martin A. Quantitative data are presented as the meanstandard deviation, and comparisons were carried out using one-way ANOVA (Systat Software Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). 2018 Aug 9;23(8):1984. doi: 10.3390/molecules23081984. Viscosity, sedimentation, and light-scattering properties of fraction of an acidhydrolyzed dextran. Drug deliv. Quintanilla-Pineda M, Achou CG, Daz J, Gutirrez-Falcon A, Bravo M, Herrera-Muoz JI, Pea-Navarro N, Alvarado C, Ibaez FC, Marzo F. Foods. ACS Nano. Epub 2012 Oct 18. (2003). Kam Y, Sacks H, Kaplan KM, Stern M, Levin G. Radio frequency-microchannels for transdermal delivery: characterization of skin recovery and delivery window. where tr is the column retention time in minutes (2 of 0.9792). De Belder, A.N. Qi P, Caoa M, Songa L, Chena C, Liua M, Li N, Wua D, Penga J, Hub G, Zhao J. However, in vitro investigations are very few. Carbohydrate Polymers, 68, 477-488. 20K. * shows a significant difference between the M.W. WebHydrodyamic Radius, R H: In addition to the analytic size of a linear (C=1) chain, the end to end distance, R eted or R 0, and the structural size, the radius or gyration, R g, dynamic measurements yield a size called the hydrodynamic radius, R H. Consider a rod particle of length L=10R where R is the radius. Theory, Estimation, Experiment, and Data. The regeneration of micropores in the human cadaver skin caused by microporation was confirmed using an optical microscope and haematoxylin/eosin (H&E) staining. Table 2 shows that comparing the intrinsic viscosity data obtained from the Huggins method and the Solomon-Ciuta single-point method, a similar values are obtained and the %RE is lower for low Mw and it increases for higher Mw. The above data are not useful because it can not be compared with those obtained in this work. Webdextran hydrodynamic radius. The effect of branching is best recognized from the molecular weight dependencies of []. Viswanath, D.S. Table 2 compares the properties of nanoparticles coated with one or other polymer. Journal Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 97, 295-301. Increased TEWL values are evidence of micropores formation. Morris, G.A. Palmuti Braga Vettoria, Mary Helen; Martins Franchetti, Sandra Mara; Contiero, Jonas (2012). Solution properties of branched dextran. Surface morphology study of dextran by scanning electron microscopy showed the porous web like structure. In order to understand the behavior of this biopolymer in water and to support changes at the M-H parameters with temperature, the hydrodynamic parameters are analyzed (hydrodynamic radius, (RH); Simha number, ((a/b)); Perrin parameter (P); Flory parameter (0); and stiffness chain (dln[]/dT)). American Journal of Food Science and Technology 2013, 1(3), 60-66. The value of Mv is different from Mn, Mw, and Mz in a polydisperse polymer sample [38, 60, 61, 62]. a Immediately after microporation, b 4h, c 8h, and d 24h (n=5, *: p<0.05). 2019;26(1):25261. Pharm Res. WebAccording to the above theoretical analysis for the micro-roughness contact model, the relationship between the hydrodynamic pressure (HP) and the contact pressure (CP) is shown in Fig. (2012). TEWL measurements were taken to assess the integrity of the skin barrier and the extent of SC disruption. Tirtaatmadja, V.; Dunstan, D. E.; Boger, D. V. (2001). This conjecture found to be correct. Alternatively, the value of qM-H can be calculated using numerical methods and other-average molecular weights (Mn, Mw, Mz) according to where c and d are empirical polynomial functions of the exponent a. Carbohydrate Polymers, 78, 902-907. European. Advances in chemistry series Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., pp. WebFluorescein isothiocyanatedextran average mol wt 60,000-76,000; CAS Number: 60842-46-8; Synonyms: FITCDextran; find Sigma-Aldrich-FD70S MSDS, related peer-reviewed papers, technical documents, similar products & more at Sigma-Aldrich European Polymer Journal, 43, 1744-1753. Thus, it is a common practice to express the frictional coefficient of rigid structures as. After 24h, the cumulative permeation of FITC-dextran M.W. Sintov AC, Krymberk I, Daniel D, Hannan T, Sohn Z, Levin G. Radiofrequency-driven skin microchanneling as a new way for electrically assisted transdermal delivery of hydrophilic drugs.

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