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Spread fertilizer over the soil, all the way to the edges of the canopy. The attitude of the serfs toward their autocrat had historically been a positive one. Catherine died quietly in her bed on Nov. 17, 1796, at the age of 67 after suffering a stroke. According to her memoirs, Sophie was regarded as a tomboy, and trained herself to master a sword. The event was glorified by the court poet Derzhavin in his famous ode; he later commented bitterly on Zubov's inglorious return from the expedition in another remarkable poem. [76], Catherine read three sorts of books, namely those for pleasure, those for information, and those to provide her with a philosophy. Historians debate Catherine's technical status, whether as a regent or as a usurper, tolerable only during the minority of her son, Grand Duke Paul. [68] Pugachev had made stories about himself acting as a real emperor should, helping the common people, listening to their problems, praying for them, and generally acting saintly, and this helped rally the peasants and serfs, with their very conservative values, to his cause. She lost the large territories of the Russian protectorate of the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania and left its territories to Prussia and Austria. Besides her native German, Sophie became fluent in French, the lingua franca of European elites in the 18th century. Still, there was a start of industry, mainly textiles around Moscow and ironworks in the Ural Mountains, with a labour force mainly of serfs, bound to the works. Based on her writings, she found Peter detestable upon meeting him. After defeating Polish loyalist forces in the PolishRussian War of 1792 and in the Kociuszko Uprising (1794), Russia completed the partitioning of Poland, dividing all of the remaining Commonwealth territory with Prussia and Austria (1795). Many cities and towns were founded on Catherine's orders in the newly conquered lands, most notably Odessa, Yekaterinoslav (to-day known as Dnipro), Kherson, Nikolayev, and Sevastopol. [118][119], Religious education was reviewed strictly. She recruited the scientists Leonhard Euler and Peter Simon Pallas from Berlin and Anders Johan Lexell from Sweden to the Russian capital. Very few members of the nobility entered the church, which became even less important than it had been. [29], During her reign, Catherine extended the borders of the Russian Empire by some 520,000 square kilometres (200,000sqmi), absorbing New Russia, Crimea, the North Caucasus, right-bank Ukraine, White Russia, Lithuania, and Courland at the expense, mainly, of two powersthe Ottoman Empire and the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. Vaizemski's Office of State Revenue took centralised control and by 1781, the government possessed its first approximation of a state budget. [45] The Dzungar genocide which was committed by the Qing state had led many Dzungars to seek sanctuary in the Russian Empire, and it was also one of the reasons for the abrogation of the Treaty of Kyakhta. Assisted by highly successful generals such as Alexander Suvorov and Pyotr Rumyantsev, and admirals such as Samuel Greig and Fyodor Ushakov, she governed at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding rapidly by conquest and diplomacy. Catherines failure to abolish feudalism is often cited as justification for characterizing her as a hypocritical, albeit enlightened, despot. Catherine perceived that the Qianlong Emperor was an unpleasant and arrogant neighbour, once saying: "I shall not die until I have ejected the Turks from Europe, suppressed the pride of China and established trade with India". She fell into a coma and died the next day whilst lying in her bed. [133] Sometime after 9:00 she was found on the floor with her face purplish, her pulse weak, her breathing shallow and laboured. Because the Moscow Foundling Home was not established as a state-funded institution, it represented an opportunity to experiment with new educational theories. They indeed helped modernise the sector that totally dominated the Russian economy. And if you can't find enough dirt to your satisfaction, make stuff up. Sophie recalled in her memoirs that as soon as she arrived in Russia, she fell ill with a pleuritis that almost killed her. In 1785, Catherine declared Jews to be officially foreigners, with foreigners' rights. [113] This re-established the separate identity that Judaism maintained in Russia throughout the Jewish Haskalah. [d] As a patron of the arts, she presided over the age of the Russian Enlightenment, including the establishment of the Smolny Institute of Noble Maidens, the first state-financed higher education institution for women in Europe. According to History, sexual deviancy has often been tagged to women either in power or who are seeking to change society, among them Cleopatra, Anne Boleyn,and Catherine the Great, among others.Catherine took the throne following the death of Peter and in lieu of their son, Paul, who was only 8 at the time. Russian poets wrote about his virtues, the court praised him, foreign ambassadors fought for his favour, and his family moved into the palace. [46], Nicholas I, her grandson, evaluated the foreign policy of Catherine the Great as a dishonest one. In 1768, she formally became the protector of political rights of dissidents and peasants of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, which provoked an anti-Russian uprising in Poland, the Confederation of Bar (17681772), supported by France. She had her husband arrested, and forced him to sign a document of abdication, leaving no one to dispute her accession to the throne. Peter III was extremely capricious, adds Hartley. [73] The Chinese Palace was designed by the Italian architect Antonio Rinaldi who specialised in the chinoiserie style. "Did Orlov Buy the Orlov". The crown contains 75 pearls and 4,936 Indian diamonds forming laurel and oak leaves, the symbols of power and strength, and is surmounted by a 398.62-carat ruby spinel that previously belonged to the Empress Elizabeth, and a diamond cross. By November, they were stationed at the confluence of the Araks and Kura Rivers, poised to attack mainland Iran. [98] One system that particularly stood out was produced by a mathematician, Franz Aepinus. All the ladies, some of whom took turn to watch by the body, would go and kiss this hand, or at least appear to." Like Empress Elizabeth before her, Catherine had given strict instructions that Ivan was to be killed in the event of any such attempt. [105][additional citation(s) needed], In 1785, Catherine approved the subsidising of new mosques and new town settlements for Muslims. In the Treaty of Georgievsk (1783), Russia agreed to protect Georgia against any new invasion and further political aspirations of their Persian suzerains. It was a failure because it narrowed and stifled entrepreneurship and did not reward economic development. Catherine was a patron of the arts, literature, and education. The most widely known story of Catherine the Great involves her death at age 67 in 1796. A ball was given at the imperial court on 11 September when the engagement was supposed to be announced. Sergei Saltykov was used to make Peter jealous, and relations with Saltykov were platonic. Obviously he never wanted to take part in the death of Catherine, because she was the perfect woman to him. Isabel De Madariaga, "Catherine the Great." She is often included in the ranks of the enlightened despots. The official cause, after an autopsy, was a severe attack of haemorrhoidal colic and an apoplexy stroke.[26]. [3] He failed to become the duke of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and at the time of his daughter's birth held the rank of a Prussian general in his capacity as governor of the city of Stettin. Denmark declared war on Sweden in 1788 (the Theatre War). While this was considered a controversial method at the time, she succeeded. The answer is misogyny. Russia's State Council in 1770 announced a policy in favour of eventual Crimean independence. He represented an opposite to Peter's pro-Prussian sentiment, with which Catherine disagreed. | READ MORE. [57] Catherine gave them this new right, but in exchange they could no longer appeal directly to her. Catherine completed the conquest of the south, making Russia the dominant power in the Balkans after the Russo-Turkish War of 17681774. These reforms in the Cadet Corps influenced the curricula of the Naval Cadet Corps and the Engineering and Artillery Schools. Uniting Cossacks, peasants, escaped serfs and other discontented tribal groups and malcontents, Pugachev produced a storm of violence that swept across the steppes, writes Massie. After Peter took a mistress, Catherine became involved with other prominent court figures. . While she had collapsed in the bathroom, she had spent many hours in her bed, with her servants taking care of her. [132], On 16 November[O.S. In 1780, she established a League of Armed Neutrality, designed to defend neutral shipping from being searched by the British Royal Navy during the American Revolutionary War. Catherine tried to keep the Jews away from certain economic spheres, even under the guise of equality; in 1790, she banned Jewish citizens from Moscow's middle class.[112]. This is the real history behind the period comedy. But while the empress did have her fair share of lovers12 to be exactshe was not the sexual deviant of popular lore. She . [71] She ordered the planting of the first "English garden" at Tsarskoye Selo in May 1770. Paper notes were issued upon payment of similar sums in copper money, which were also refunded upon the presentation of those notes. In reality, Catherine the Great died of a stroke and she was discovered collapsed on the floor in her washroom. Historian Franois Cruzet writes that Russia under Catherine: had neither a free peasantry, nor a significant middle class, nor legal norms hospitable to private enterprise. One claimed that she died on her toilet seat, which broke under her. Those who opposed her were men. With the support of Great Britain, Russia colonised the territories of New Russia along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas. Russia got territories east of the line connecting, more or less, RigaPolotskMogilev. [133] The court physician diagnosed a stroke[133][134] and despite attempts to revive her, she fell into a coma. [57] Although she did not want to communicate directly with the serfs, she did create some measures to improve their conditions as a class and reduce the size of the institution of serfdom. A description of the empress's funeral is written in Madame Vige Le Brun's memoirs. Larry was not just a beloved family member, but also a husband, friend, mentor, peer, inventor, advisor, and audio enthusiast. For Latin Empress, see, Partitions of PolishLithuanian Commonwealth. The double doors opened and the Empress appeared. The peasants were discontented because of many other factors as well, including crop failure, and epidemics, especially a major epidemic in 1771. However, military conscription and the economy continued to depend on serfdom, and the increasing demands of the state and of private landowners intensified the exploitation of serf labour. Catherine longed for recognition as an enlightened sovereign. She fell into a coma and died the next day whilst lying in her bed. With Peter out of the picture, Catherine was able to consolidate power from a position of strength. Peace ensued for 20 years in spite of the assassination of Gustav III in 1792. However, usually, if the serfs did not like the policies of the empress, they saw the nobles as corrupt and evil, preventing the people of Russia from communicating with the well-intentioned empress and misinterpreting her decrees. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of theTerms and Conditions. She credited her survival to frequent bloodletting; in a single day, she had four phlebotomies. Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography, USA. The statute sought to efficiently govern Russia by increasing population and dividing the country into provinces and districts. Orlov died in 1783. And so she used her lovers as a means to cement her power. Her rise to power was supported by her mother Joanna's wealthy relatives, who were both nobles and royal relations. Dogs Rhetorical Exercise In Catharine Sedgwick's, Dogs, she uses the rhetorical appeal, logos, to help make it clear to the reader that animal cruelty is wrong, and to argue that goodness trumps genius. [103], Catherine took many different approaches to Islam during her reign. She is one of historys greatest female rulers who modernised her adopted homeland, expanded its borders and transformed it into a global superpower. "[138] In the end, the empress was laid to rest with a gold crown on her head and clothed in a silver brocade dress. Peter and Catherine had both been involved in a 1749 Russian military plot to crown Peter (together with Catherine) in Elizabeth's stead. Instead she pioneered for Russia the role that Britain later played through most of the 19th and early 20th centuries as an international mediator in disputes that could, or did, lead to war. Other aspects of the empress personality were similarly at odds: Extravagant in most worldly endeavors, she had little interest in food and often hosted banquets that left guests wanting for more. After holding more than 200 sittings, the so-called Commission dissolved without getting beyond the realm of theory. Cookie Policy [63] [79], Within a few months of her accession in 1762, having heard the French government threatened to stop the publication of the famous French Encyclopdie on account of its irreligious spirit, Catherine proposed to Diderot that he should complete his great work in Russia under her protection. Non-Russian opinion of Catherine is less favourable. [109][110], In an attempt to assimilate the Jews into Russia's economy, Catherine included them under the rights and laws of the Charter of the Towns of 1782. It was fighting and winning wars, modernising and revitalising. Yet shed done an enormous amount of amazing things, had been a kid whod come to a country that wasnt her own and taken it over.. [9], Sophie first met her future husband, who would become Peter III of Russia, at the age of 10. The Hermitage Museum, which now[update] occupies the whole Winter Palace, began as Catherine's personal collection. The official cause of death was advertised as hemorrhoidal colican absurd diagnosis that soon became a popular euphemism for assassination, according to Montefiore. A key principle was responsibilities defined by function. To the general public, Catherine is perhaps best known for conducting a string of salacious love affairs. While the majority of serfs were farmers bound to the land, a noble could have his serfs sent away to learn a trade or be educated at a school as well as employ them at businesses that paid wages. Womens History Month facts: When is Women's History Month? Th, The 8 weirdest British monarch deaths in history, Historys greatest love affair: Catherine the Great and Grigory Potemkin, Catherine the Great and the coup that made her Empress, Josephine Baker: The iconic performer turned WWII hero. All of this meant that the target on Catherines back was even greater. Catherine I of Russia. However, if the empress' policies were too extreme or too disliked, she was not considered the true empress. One urban legend even claimed that Catherine had an erotic cabinet created for one of her palaces. This war was another catastrophe for the Ottomans, ending with the Treaty of Jassy (1792), which legitimised the Russian claim to the Crimea and granted the Yedisan region to Russia. Her male enemies created the legends that still reverberate around todays World Wide Web. [78] For information about particular nations that interested her, she read Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville's Memoirs de Chine to learn about the vast and wealthy Chinese empire that bordered her empire; Franois Baron de Tott's Memoires de les Turcs et les Tartares for information about the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean khanate; the books of Frederick the Great praising himself to learn about Frederick just as much as to learn about Prussia; and the pamphlets of Benjamin Franklin denouncing the British Crown to understand the reasons behind the American Revolution. Briefwechsel mit der Kaiserin Katharina", "Alexander the Great vs Ivan the Terrible", "The Ambiguous Legal Status of Russian Jewry in the Reign of Catherine II", "Catherine II and the Serfs: A Reconsideration of Some Problems", Bibliography of Russian history (16131917), Some of the code of laws mentioned above, along with other information, Manifesto of the Empress Catherine II, inviting foreign immigration, Biography of Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, Family tree of the ancestors of Catherine the Great, Diaries and Letters: Catherine II German Princess Who Came to Rule Russia, Charlotte Christine of Brunswick-Lneburg, Catherine Alexeievna (Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst), Natalia Alexeievna (Wilhelmina Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt), Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Wrttemberg), Anna Feodorovna (Juliane of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld), Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia), Elena Pavlovna (Charlotte of Wrttemberg), Alexandra Iosifovna (Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg), Maria Pavlovna (Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin), Elizabeth Feodorovna (Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine), Alexandra Georgievna (Alexandra of Greece and Denmark), Elizaveta Mavrikievna (Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg), Anastasia Nikolaevna (Anastasia of Montenegro), Militza Nikolaevna of Montenegro (Milica of Montenegro), Maria Georgievna (Maria of Greece and Denmark), Viktoria Feodorovna (Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_the_Great&oldid=1142635143, 18th-century people from the Russian Empire, 18th-century women from the Russian Empire, Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Lutheranism, Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Mistresses of Stanisaw August Poniatowski, People of the War of the Bavarian Succession, Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree, Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland), Articles containing Russian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from November 2018, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles lacking in-text citations from July 2022, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from April 2022, Articles needing additional references from December 2022, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Articles with self-published sources from November 2021, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, According to court gossip, this lost pregnancy was attributed to.